Toufik Heraiz2025-06-042025-06-042025-05-27https://repository.univ-msila.dz/handle/123456789/46364These lecture notes are specifically designed for first-year undergraduate students pursuing degrees in Technology, Computer Science, or Natural Sciences. The material covers foundational concepts essential for STEM disciplines, with a focus on building both theoretical understanding and practical problem-solving skills.enLearning Object