Toufik Heraiz2025-12-172025-12-172025-12-16https://repository.univ-msila.dz/handle/123456789/48016These lecture notes are specifically designed for first-year undergraduate students pursuing degrees in Engineering, Technology, Computer Science, or Natural Sciences. The material covers foundational concepts essential for Engineering disciplines, with a focus on building both theoretical understanding and practical problem-solving skills.enLearning Object